Revisiting the Role of Carnitine in Heart Disease Through the Lens of the Gut Microbiota Full article: Gut microbes with the gbu genes determine TMAO production from L carnitine intake and serve as a biomarker for precision nutrition Identification of TMAO producer phenotype and hostdietgut dysbiosis by carnitine challenge test in human and germ free mice Gut Differential effects of oral and intravenous L carnitine on serum lipids: is the microbiota the answer? Assembling the anaerobic gamma butyrobetaine to TMA metabolic pathway in Escherichia fergusonii and confirming its role in TMA production from dietary L carnitine in murine models mBio Comparison of short term and long term effects of peroral L carnitine intake: clinical implications of elevated TMAO levels in cardiovascular complications